You may completely spoil the Gospel by confused and contradictory directions. Complicated and obscure statements about faith, baptism, and the benefits of the Lord’s Supper, all jumbled together, and thrown down without order before hearers, make the Gospel no Gospel at all. (Ryle 1964: 12–13) What we describe as ‘heresies’ in the New Testament churches can more accurately be described as ‘false spiritualities’. What happened at Corinth, Ephesus, Colossae and Galatia was not so much a clearly articulated
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